Under Construction

Luehdorfia Crüger, 1878

Vazrick Nazari
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
taxon links [up-->]Luehdorfia chinensis [up-->]Luehdorfia puziloi [up-->]Luehdorfia japonica [up-->]Luehdorfia taibai [down<--]Parnassiinae Interpreting the tree
close box

This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.

The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.

example of a tree diagram

You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.

For more information on ToL tree formatting, please see Interpreting the Tree or Classification. To learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our Phylogenetic Biology pages.

close box
Phylogeny after Nazari et al., 2007.
Containing group: Parnassiinae

Introduction

There are currently four species recognized within the genus Luehdorfia. They are distributed in China, Korea, Russian Far East, and Japan, and they have larvae that feed on species of Asarum, Heterotropa, and Asiasarum (Aristolochiaceae) (Matsumoto, 1989; Matsumoto et al., 1993; Igarashi, 2003). Numerous studies on the distribution, wing pattern, life history, behavior, population dynamics, cross breeding, chromosomes and biochemistry of Luehdorfia japonica and L. puziloi have been published by Japanese researchers (for a detailed list of such publications, see Makita et al., 2000).

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

The relationship of the species within Luehdorfia has received particular attention. Takahashi (1973) and Hiura (1978) suggested that L. japonica diverged from L. puziloi inexpecta as a result of host shift from the deciduous genus Asiasarum to the evergreen genus Asarum. Shinkawa (1991) and Watanabe (1996) suggested that L. puziloi colonized the Japanese Archipelago and gave rise to L. japonica, and that L. chinensis is the most basal species of the genus Luehdorfia.

At least three phylogenetic reconstructions have been proposed for the species within Luehdorfia, including Kato (1998) based on genitalia characters, Makita et al. (2000) based on 785 bp of mtDNA (ND5), and Matsumura et al. (2005) based on COI and ND5. Results of these studies are different from those proposed by Takahashi (1973) and Hiura (1978), as well as contradicting each other. Some other phylogenetic studies include those of Saigusa (1973), Ishizuka (1980, 1991), Aoyama (1994), and Yashima et al. (1999). A recent study (Nazari et al., 2007) using several genes and morphology confirmed the relationships of Luehdorfia species as previously demonstrated by Makita et al. (2000).

Nomenclature

Luehdorfia eximia Crüger, 1878, the type species originally described by Crüger (1878) and designated as the type species for the new genus Luehdorfia is now treated as a subjective synonym of Thais puziloi Erschoff, 1872 (Hemming, 1967). The original description of the genus was in the form Lühdorfia, but since this method of spelling is not permitted by the ICZN, it was corrected to Luehdorfia (Hemming 1967).

References

Aoyama, J., 1994. Phylogeny of genus Luehdorfia. Konchu to Shizen 29: 8-15.

Crüger, C., 1878. Ueber Schmetterlinge von Wladiwostok. Verh. Ver. naturw. Unterhalt. Hamburg 3: 128-133.

Hemming, A.F., 1967. The generic names of the butterflies and their type-species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Ent. Suppl. 9: 509 pp.

Hiura, I., 1978. Where From Originate Butterflies. 230 pp., Soju Shobo, Tokyo.

Igarashi, S., 2003. Life history of Bhutanitis mansfieldi in comparison with those of related species. Butterflies (Publication of the Butterfly Society of Japan), 35:20-39.

Ishizuka, Y., 1980. The study of relationships of the genus Luehdorfia. Konchu to Shizen 15: 13-17.

Ishizuka, Y., 1991. The study of relationships of the genus Luehdorfia. Konchu to Shizen 26: 23-29.

Kato, T., 1998. A phylogeny for four species of the genus Luehdorfia (Lepidopetra, Papilionidae) based on the morphological characters of the genitalia. Transactions of the Lepidopterists’ Society of Japan 49: 93-103.

Makita, H., Shinkawa, T., Kazumasa, O., Kondo, A., Nakazawa, T., 2000. Phylogeny of Luehdorfia butterflies inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences. Entomological Science 3: 321-329.

Matsumoto, K., 1989. Effects of aggregation on the survival and development on different host plants in a papilionid butterfly, Luehdorfia japonica Leech. Jpn. J. ent. 57: 853-860.

Matsumoto, K., Ito, F., Tsubaki, Y., 1993. Egg cluster size variation in relation to the larval food abundance in Luehdorfia puziloi (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Researches on Population Ecology 35: 325-333.

Matsumura, T., Usami, S.I., Ueda, S., Itino, T., Ito, T., Xing, L.I. 2005. Phylogenetic positions of Luehdorfia chinensis huashanensis Lee (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial gene sequence analyses. Trans. Lipid. Soc. Japan 56: 333-341.

Nazari, V., Zakharov, E.V., Sperling, F.A.H., 2007. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42: 131-156.

Saigusa T., 1973. A phylogeny of the genus Luehdorfia. Konchû-to-Shizen 8: 5-18.

Shinkawa, T., 1991. The study of relations between genus Luehdorfia. Konchu to Shizen 16: 11-20.

Takahashi, A., 1973. The theory of distribution “Luehdorfia japonica”. Konchu to Shizen 8: 2-7.

Watanabe, Y., 1996. Phylogenetic classification. In: Watanabe, Y. (ed.), Monograph of Luehdorfia Butterflies: 145-150. Hokkaido Univ. Press, Hokkaido.

Yashima, J., Ozone, T., Nishida, S., 1999. A data on relationship of four species in the genus Luehdorfia. Gekken-Mushi 337: 27-34.

Title Illustrations
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Scientific Name Luehdorfia puziloi
Location Japan
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Identified By Mochimitsu Kobayashi
Behavior Flying
Copyright © 2006 Mochimitsu Kobayashi
Scientific Name Luehdorfia japonica
Location Japan
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Source ギフチョウ(岐阜蝶、Japanese Luehdorfia) Luehdorfia japonica (Leech, 1889)
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License - Version 2.5.
Copyright © 2008 OpenCage
About This Page

Vazrick Nazari
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Canada

Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Vazrick Nazari at

Page: Tree of Life Luehdorfia Crüger, 1878. Authored by Vazrick Nazari. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.

Citing this page:

Nazari, Vazrick. 2006. Luehdorfia Crüger, 1878. Version 07 July 2006 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Luehdorfia/65395/2006.07.07 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

edit this page
close box

This page is a Tree of Life Branch Page.

Each ToL branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the Tree of Life. The major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the Tree of Life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages.

For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the Structure of the Tree of Life page.

close box

Luehdorfia

Page Content

articles & notes

collections

people

Explore Other Groups

random page

  go to the Tree of Life home page
top